How the documentary, Chimp Empire, shines light on human behavior, and the behavior of Jeffrey Epstein's, Trump's, and Putin's merged crime syndicate.

HUMANS AND OTHER PRIMATES USE TOOLS, WEAPONS, AND INSECT REPELLENTS

Humans, chimps, and other primates use tools, weapons, and insect repellents. 

CHIMP AND HUMAN DEMOCRACIES AND HIERARCHIES

Just like in humans, there are chimp troops that are more democratic and others that are more hierarchies, with respect to sharing power, as illustrated in Chimp Empire, where two troops that used to be one troop, have gone to war with one another, and where one of the troops is more democratic and the other more of a hierachy.

The hierarchy was formed when one of the most aggressive chimps was cast out of the society, which again mirrors Donald Trump, but also Hitler, and Henry Bolingbroke of the illegitimate UK/EU royals, and where there is evidence online of all of them being connected in different ways to what we like to refer to as the Tudor-Habsburg crime family, which eventually devolved into the crime syndicate of Jeffrey Epstein, now conspiring to overthrow global democracies, like a bunch of silly monkeys, to evade decades to centuries of organized crimes against humanity and life on Earth.

PRIMATE TROOPS, RESOURCES FIGHTING, MURDER, INFANTICIDE, GENOCIDE, AND GRIEVING

Just like humans, a posse of chimps will patrol the borders of their territory, and regularly seek to expand their territory and access to resources. Just like humans, chimps will murder other chimps from outside of their territory, invade territories that aren't theirs, and engage in exodus. Similarly, just like Jeffrey Epstein's MBS had American citizen Jamal Khashoggi dismembered, in the documentary Chimp Empire, it is clear that chimps will dismember other primates, specifically monkeys, and so this savage behavior is common behavior among jungle savages, and explained by the same. 

Just like humans, when a chimp is murdered or dies, the other chimps will gather around and pay last respects, grieve, and will get emotional. Just like humans, chimps will seek revenge on other chimps. Just like humans, chimps engage in genocide of other primates, and will eat the other primates they murder.

Homo naledi research has revealed that there were hominids that came before or during early humans, as far back as 330,000 years ago, who buried and mourned their dead in burial chambers, and which involve ritual burials, which mirror Egyptian burials of burying the dead in tombs with some of their possessions.[6]

Homo neanderthalensis, more simply known as neanderthals, from as far back to 800,000 years ago, also buried and mourned their dead in burial chambers.

"Hayden postulated that the small number of Neanderthal graves found was because only high-ranking members would receive an elaborate burial, as is the case for some modern hunter-gatherers.^[31] Trinkaus suggested that elderly Neanderthals were given special burial rites for lasting so long given the high mortality rates.^[86] Alternatively, many more Neanderthals may have received burials, but the graves were infiltrated and destroyed by bears.^[266] Given that 20 graves of Neanderthals aged under 4 have been found—over a third of all known graves—deceased children may have received greater care during burial than other age demographics.^[250]"[5]

Neanderthals are super interesting because they engaged in what we would largely recognize as early human behavior.

"Food preparation

Neanderthals probably could employ a wide range of cooking techniques, such as roasting, and they may have been able to heat up or boil soup, stew, or animal stock.[44] The abundance of animal bone fragments at settlements may indicate the making of fat stocks from boiling bone marrow, possibly taken from animals that had already died of starvation. These methods would have substantially increased fat consumption, which was a major nutritional requirement of communities with low carbohydrate and high protein intake.[44][286] Neanderthal tooth size had a decreasing trend after 100,000 years ago, which could indicate an increased dependence on cooking or the advent of boiling, a technique that would have softened food.[287]

At Cueva del Sidrón, Spain, Neanderthals likely cooked and possibly smoked food,[45] as well as used certain plants—such as yarrow and camomile—as flavouring,[44] although these plants may have instead been used for their medicinal properties.[39] At Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, Neanderthals may have been roasting pinecones to access pine nuts.[51]

At Grotte du Lazaret, France, a total of twenty-three red deer, six ibexes, three aurochs, and one roe deer appear to have been hunted in a single autumn hunting season, when strong male and female deer herds would group together for rut. The entire carcasses seem to have been transported to the cave and then butchered. Because this is such a large amount of food to consume before spoilage, it is possible these Neanderthals were curing and preserving it before winter set in. At 160,000 years old, it is the oldest potential evidence of food storage.[43] The great quantities of meat and fat which could have been gathered in general from typical prey items (namely mammoths) could also indicate food storage capability.[288] With shellfish, Neanderthals needed to eat, cook, or in some manner preserve them soon after collection, as shellfish spoils very quickly. At Cueva de los Aviones, Spain, the remains of edible, algae eating shellfish associated with the alga Jania rubens could indicate that, like some modern hunter gatherer societies, harvested shellfish were held in water-soaked algae to keep them alive and fresh until consumption.[289]

Competition

Competition from large Ice Age predators was rather high. Cave lions likely targeted horses, large deer and wild cattle; and leopards primarily reindeer and roe deer; which heavily overlapped with Neanderthal diet. To defend a kill against such ferocious predators, Neanderthals may have engaged in a group display of yelling, arm waving, or stone throwing; or quickly gathered meat and abandoned the kill. However, at Grotte de Spy, Belgium, the remains of wolves, cave lions, and cave bears—which were all major predators of the time—indicate Neanderthals hunted their competitors to some extent.[52]

Neanderthals and cave hyenas may have exemplified niche differentiation, and actively avoided competing with each other. Although they both mainly targeted the same groups of creatures—deer, horses, and cattle—Neanderthals mainly hunted the former and cave hyenas the latter two. Further, animal remains from Neanderthal caves indicate they preferred to hunt prime individuals, whereas cave hyenas hunted weaker or younger prey, and cave hyena caves have a higher abundance of carnivore remains.[46] Nonetheless, there is evidence that cave hyenas stole food and leftovers from Neanderthal campsites and scavenged on dead Neanderthal bodies.[290]

Cannibalism

Neandertal remains from the Troisième caverne of Goyet Caves (Belgium). The remains have scrape marks, indicating that they were butchered, with cannibalism being the "most parsimonious explanation".[291]

There are several instances of Neanderthals practising cannibalism across their range.[292][293] The first example came from the Krapina, Croatia site, in 1899,[120] and other examples were found at Cueva del Sidrón[260] and Zafarraya in Spain; and the French Grotte de Moula-Guercy,[294] Les Pradelles, and La Quina. For the five cannibalised Neanderthals at the Grottes de Goyet, Belgium, there is evidence that the upper limbs were disarticulated, the lower limbs defleshed and also smashed (likely to extract bone marrow), the chest cavity disemboweled, and the jaw dismembered. There is also evidence that the butchers used some bones to retouch their tools. The processing of Neanderthal meat at Grottes de Goyet is similar to how they processed horse and reindeer.[292][293] About 35% of the Neanderthals at Marillac-le-Franc, France, show clear signs of butchery, and the presence of digested teeth indicates that the bodies were abandoned and eaten by scavengers, likely hyaenas.[295]

These cannibalistic tendencies have been explained as either ritual defleshing, pre-burial defleshing (to prevent scavengers or foul smell), an act of war, or simply for food. Due to a small number of cases, and the higher number of cut marks seen on cannibalised individuals than animals (indicating inexperience), cannibalism was probably not a very common practice, and it may have only been done in times of extreme food shortages as in some cases in recorded human history.[293]

Personal adornment

Neanderthals used ochre, a clay earth pigment. Ochre is well-documented from 60 to 45 thousand years ago in Neanderthal sites, with the earliest example dating to 250–200 thousand years ago from Maastricht-Belvédère, the Netherlands (a similar timespan to the ochre record of H. sapiens).[296] It has been hypothesised to have functioned as body paint, and analyses of pigments from Pech de l’Azé, France, indicates they were applied to soft materials (such as a hide or human skin).[297] However, modern hunter gatherers, in addition to body paint, also use ochre for medicine, for tanning hides, as a food preservative, and as an insect repellent, so its use as decorative paint for Neanderthals is speculative.[296] Containers apparently used for mixing ochre pigments were found in Peștera Cioarei, Romania, which could indicate modification of ochre for solely aesthetic purposes.[298]

Neanderthals collected uniquely shaped objects and are suggested to have modified them into pendants, such as a fossil Aspa marginata sea snail shell possibly painted red from Grotta di Fumane, Italy, transported over 100 km (62 mi) to the site about 47,500 years ago;[299] three shells, dated to about 120–115 thousand years ago, perforated through the umbo belonging to a rough cockle, a Glycymeris insubrica, and a Spondylus gaederopus from Cueva de los Aviones, Spain, the former two associated with red and yellow pigments, and the latter a red-to-black mix of hematite and pyrite; and a king scallop shell with traces of an orange mix of goethite and hematite from Cueva Antón, Spain. The discoverers of the latter two claim that pigment was applied to the exterior to make it match the naturally vibrant inside colouration.[56][289] Excavated from 1949 to 1963 from the French Grotte du Renne, Châtelperronian beads made from animal teeth, shells, and ivory were found associated with Neanderthal bones, but the dating is uncertain and Châtelperronian artefacts may actually have been crafted by modern humans and simply redeposited with Neanderthal remains.[300][301][302][303]

Gibraltarian palaeoanthropologists Clive and Geraldine Finlayson suggested that Neanderthals used various bird parts as artistic mediums, specifically black feathers.[304] In 2012, the Finlaysons and colleagues examined 1,699 sites across Eurasia, and argued that raptors and corvids, species not typically consumed by any human species, were overrepresented and show processing of only the wing bones instead of the fleshier torso, and thus are evidence of feather plucking of specifically the large flight feathers for use as personal adornment. They specifically noted the cinereous vulture, red-billed chough, kestrel, lesser kestrel, alpine chough, rook, jackdaw, and the white tailed eagle in Middle Palaeolithic sites.[305] Other birds claimed to present evidence of modifications by Neanderthals are the golden eagle, rock pigeon, common raven, and the bearded vulture.[306] The earliest claim of bird bone jewellery is a number of 130,000 year old white tailed eagle talons found in a cache near Krapina, Croatia, speculated, in 2015, to have been a necklace.[307][308] A similar 39,000-year-old Spanish imperial eagle talon necklace was reported in 2019 at Cova Foradà in Spain, though from the contentious Châtelperronian layer.[309] In 2017, 17 incision-decorated raven bones from the Zaskalnaya VI rock shelter, Ukraine, dated to 43–38 thousand years ago were reported. Because the notches are more-or-less equidistant to each other, they are the first modified bird bones that cannot be explained by simple butchery, and for which the argument of design intent is based on direct evidence.[54]

Discovered in 1975, the so-called Mask of la Roche-Cotard, a mostly flat piece of flint with a bone pushed through a hole on the midsection—dated to 32, 40, or 75 thousand years ago[310]—has been purported to resemble the upper half of a face, with the bone representing eyes.[311][312] It is contested whether it represents a face, or if it even counts as art.[313] In 1988, American archaeologist Alexander Marshack speculated that a Neanderthal at Grotte de L'Hortus, France, wore a leopard pelt as personal adornment to indicate elevated status in the group based on a recovered leopard skull, phalanges, and tail vertebrae.[31][314]

As of 2014, 63 purported engravings have been reported from 27 different European and Middle Eastern Lower-to-Middle Palaeolithic sites, of which 20 are on flint cortexes from 11 sites, 7 are on slabs from 7 sites, and 36 are on pebbles from 13 sites. It is debated whether or not these were made with symbolic intent.[58] In 2012, deep scratches on the floor of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, were discovered, dated to older than 39,000 years ago, which the discoverers have interpreted as Neanderthal abstract art.[315][316] The scratches could have also been produced by a bear.[266] In 2021, an Irish elk phalanx with five engraved offset chevrons stacked above each other was discovered at the entrance to the Einhornhöhle cave in Germany, dating to about 51,000 years ago.[317]

In 2018, some red-painted dots, disks, lines, and hand stencils on the cave walls of the Spanish La Pasiega, Maltravieso, and Doña Trinidad were dated to be older than 66,000 years ago, at least 20,000 years prior to the arrival of modern humans in Western Europe. This would indicate Neanderthal authorship, and similar iconography recorded in other Western European sites—such as Les Merveilles, France, and Cueva del Castillo, Spain—could potentially also have Neanderthal origins.[61][62][318] However, the dating of these Spanish caves, and thus attribution to Neanderthals, is contested.[60]

Neanderthals are known to have collected a variety of unusual objects—such as crystals or fossils—without any real functional purpose or any indication of damage caused by use. It is unclear if these objects were simply picked up for their aesthetic qualities, or if some symbolic significance was applied to them. These items are mainly quartz crystals, but also other minerals such as cerussite, iron pyrite, calcite, and galena. A few findings feature modifications, such as a mammoth tooth with an incision and a fossil nummulite shell with a cross etched in from Tata, Hungary; a large slab with 18 cupstones hollowed out from a grave in La Ferrassie, France;[57] and a geode from Peștera Cioarei, Romania, coated with red ochre.[319] A number of fossil shells are also known from French Neanderthals sites, such as a rhynchonellid and a Taraebratulina from Combe Grenal; a belemnite beak from Grottes des Canalettes; a polyp from Grotte de l'Hyène; a sea urchin from La Gonterie-Boulouneix; and a rhynchonella, feather star, and belemnite beak from the contentious Châtelperronian layer of Grotte du Renne.[57]

Music

Purported Neanderthal bone flute fragments made of bear long bones were reported from Potočka zijalka, Slovenia, in the 1920s, and Istállós-kői-barlang, Hungary,[320] and Mokriška jama, Slovenia, in 1985; but these are now attributed to modern human activities.[321][322] The 1995 43 thousand year old Divje Babe Flute from Slovenia has been attributed by some researchers to Neanderthals, and Canadian musicologist Robert Fink said the original flute had either a diatonic or pentatonic musical scale.[323] However, the date also overlaps with modern human immigration into Europe, which means it is also possible it was not manufactured by Neanderthals.[324] In 2015, zoologist Cajus Diedrich argued that it was not a flute at all, and the holes were made by a scavenging hyaena as there is a lack of cut marks stemming from whittling,[322] but in 2018, Slovenian archaeologist Matija Turk and colleagues countered that it is highly unlikely the punctures were made by teeth, and cut marks are not always present on bone flutes.[59]

Technology

Despite the apparent 150 thousand year stagnation in Neanderthal lithic innovation,[174] there is evidence that Neanderthal technology was more sophisticated than was previously thought.[64] However, the high frequency of potentially debilitating injuries could have prevented very complex technologies from emerging, as a major injury would have impeded an expert's ability to effectively teach a novice.[233]

Stone tools

Levallois technique

Neanderthals made stone tools, and are associated with the Mousterian industry.[27] The Mousterian is also associated with North African H. sapiens as early as 315,000 years ago[325] and was found in Northern China about 47–37 thousand years ago in caves such as Jinsitai or Tongtiandong.[326] It evolved around 300,000 years ago with the Levallois technique which developed directly from the preceding Acheulean industry (invented by H. erectus about 1.8 mya). Levallois made it easier to control flake shape and size, and as a difficult-to-learn and unintuitive process, the Levallois technique may have been directly taught generation to generation rather than via purely observational learning.[28]

There are distinct regional variants of the Mousterian industry, such as: the Quina and La Ferrassie subtypes of the Charentian industry in southwestern France, Acheulean-tradition Mousterian subtypes A and B along the Atlantic and northwestern European coasts,[327] the Micoquien industry of Central and Eastern Europe and the related Sibiryachikha variant in the Siberian Altai Mountains,[261] the Denticulate Mousterian industry in Western Europe, the racloir industry around the Zagros Mountains, and the flake cleaver industry of Cantabria, Spain, and both sides of the Pyrenees. In the mid-20th century, French archaeologist François Bordes debated against American archaeologist Lewis Binford to explain this diversity (the "Bordes–Binford debate"), with Bordes arguing that these represent unique ethnic traditions and Binford that they were caused by varying environments (essentially, form vs. function).[327] The latter sentiment would indicate a lower degree of inventiveness compared to modern humans, adapting the same tools to different environments rather than creating new technologies.[53] A continuous sequence of occupation is well-documented in Grotte du Renne, France, where the lithic tradition can be divided into the Levallois–Charentian, Discoid–Denticulate (43.3±0.929–40.9±0.719 thousand years ago), Levallois Mousterian (40.2±1.5–38.4±1.3 thousand years ago), and Châtelperronian (40.93±0.393–33.67±0.450 thousand years ago).[328]

There is some debate if Neanderthals had long-ranged weapons.[329][330] A wound on the neck of an African wild ass from Umm el Tlel, Syria, was likely inflicted by a heavy Levallois-point javelin,[331] and bone trauma consistent with habitual throwing has been reported in Neanderthals.[329][330] Some spear tips from Abri du Maras, France, may have been too fragile to have been used as thrusting spears, possibly suggesting their use as darts.[282]

Organic tools

The Châtelperronian in central France and northern Spain is a distinct industry from the Mousterian, and is controversially hypothesised to represent a culture of Neanderthals borrowing (or by process of acculturation) tool-making techniques from immigrating modern humans, crafting bone tools and ornaments. In this frame, the makers would have been a transitional culture between the Neanderthal Mousterian and the modern human Aurignacian.[332][333][334][335][336] The opposing viewpoint is that the Châtelperronian was manufactured by modern humans instead.[337] Abrupt transitions similar to the Mousterian/Châtelperronian could also simply represent natural innovation, like the La Quina–Neronian transition 50,000 years ago featuring technologies generally associated with modern humans such as bladelets and microliths. Other ambiguous transitional cultures include the Italian Uluzzian industry,[338] and the Balkan Szeletian industry.[339]

Before immigration, the only evidence of Neanderthal bone tools are animal rib lissoirs — which are rubbed against hide to make it more supple or waterproof — although this could also be evidence for modern humans immigrating earlier than expected. In 2013, two 51.4–41.1 thousand year old deer rib lissoirs were reported from Pech-de-l’Azé and the nearby Abri Peyrony in France.[334][100][100] In 2020, five more lissoirs made of aurochs or bison ribs were reported from Abri Peyrony, with one dating to about 51,400 years ago and the other four to 47.7–41.1 thousand years ago. This indicates the technology was in use in this region for a long time. Since reindeer remains were the most abundant, the use of less abundant bovine ribs may indicate a specific preference for bovine ribs. Potential lissoirs have also been reported from Grosse Grotte, Germany (made of mammoth), and Grottes des Canalettes, France (red deer).[340]

The Neanderthals in 10 coastal sites in Italy (namely Grotta del Cavallo and Grotta dei Moscerini) and Kalamakia Cave, Greece, are known to have crafted scrapers using smooth clam shells, and possibly hafted them to a wooden handle. They probably chose this clam species because it has the most durable shell. At Grotta dei Moscerini, about 24% of the shells were gathered alive from the seafloor, meaning these Neanderthals had to wade or dive into shallow waters to collect them. At Grotta di Santa Lucia, Italy, in the Campanian volcanic arc, Neanderthals collected the porous volcanic pumice, which, for contemporary humans, was probably used for polishing points and needles. The pumices are associated with shell tools.[278]

At Abri du Maras, France, twisted fibres and a 3-ply inner-bark-fibre cord fragment associated with Neanderthals show that they produced string and cordage, but it is unclear how widespread this technology was because the materials used to make them (such as animal hair, hide, sinew, or plant fibres) are biodegradable and preserve very poorly. This technology could indicate at least a basic knowledge of weaving and knotting, which would have made possible the production of nets, containers, packaging, baskets, carrying devices, ties, straps, harnesses, clothes, shoes, beds, bedding, mats, flooring, roofing, walls, and snares, and would have been important in hafting, fishing, and seafaring. Dating to 52–41 thousand years ago, the cord fragment is the oldest direct evidence of fibre technology, although 115,000-year-old perforated shell beads from Cueva Antón possibly strung together to make a necklace are the oldest indirect evidence.[36][282] In 2020, British archaeologist Rebecca Wragg Sykes expressed cautious support for the genuineness of the find, but pointed out that the string would have been so weak that it would have had limited functions. One possibility is as a thread for attaching or stringing small objects.[341]

The archaeological record shows that Neanderthals commonly used animal hide and birch bark, and may have used them to make cooking containers, although this is based largely on circumstantial evidence, because neither fossilizes well.[287] It is possible that the Neanderthals at Kebara Cave, Israel, used the shells of the spur-thighed tortoise as containers.[342]

At the Italian Poggetti Vecchi site, there is evidence that they used fire to process boxwood branches to make digging sticks, a common implement in hunter-gatherer societies.[343]

Fire and construction

Many Mousterian sites have evidence of fire, some for extended periods of time, though it is unclear whether they were capable of starting fire or simply scavenged from naturally occurring wildfires. Indirect evidence of fire-starting ability includes pyrite residue on a couple of dozen bifaces from late Mousterian (c. 50,000 years ago) northwestern France (which could indicate they were used as percussion fire starters), and collection of manganese dioxide by late Neanderthals which can lower the combustion temperature of wood.[29][30][344] They were also capable of zoning areas for specific activities, such as for knapping, butchering, hearths, and wood storage. Many Neanderthal sites lack evidence for such activity perhaps due to natural degradation of the area over tens of thousands of years, such as by bear infiltration after abandonment of the settlement.[266]

In a number of caves, evidence of hearths has been detected. Neanderthals likely considered air circulation when making hearths as a lack of proper ventilation for a single hearth can render a cave uninhabitable in several minutes. Abric Romaní rock shelter, Spain, indicates eight evenly spaced hearths lined up against the rock wall, likely used to stay warm while sleeping, with one person sleeping on either side of the fire.[31][32] At Cueva de Bolomor, Spain, with hearths lined up against the wall, the smoke flowed upwards to the ceiling, and led to outside the cave. In Grotte du Lazaret, France, smoke was probably naturally ventilated during the winter as the interior cave temperature was greater than the outside temperature; likewise, the cave was likely only inhabited in the winter.[32]

The ring structures in Grotte de Bruniquel, France

In 1990, two 176,000 year old ring structures, several metres wide, made of broken stalagmite pieces, were discovered in a large chamber more than 300 m (980 ft) from the entrance within Grotte de Bruniquel, France. One ring was 6.7 m × 4.5 m (22 ft × 15 ft) with stalagmite pieces averaging 34.4 cm (13.5 in) in length, and the other 2.2 m × 2.1 m (7.2 ft × 6.9 ft) with pieces averaging 29.5 cm (11.6 in). There were also four other piles of stalagmite pieces for a total of 112 m (367 ft) or 2.2 t (2.4 short tons) worth of stalagmite pieces. Evidence of the use of fire and burnt bones also suggest human activity. A team of Neanderthals was likely necessary to construct the structure, but the chamber's actual purpose is uncertain. Building complex structures so deep in a cave is unprecedented in the archaeological record, and indicates sophisticated lighting and construction technology, and great familiarity with subterranean environments.[345]

The 44,000 year old Moldova I open-air site, Ukraine, shows evidence of a 7 m × 10 m (23 ft × 33 ft) ring-shaped dwelling made out of mammoth bones meant for long-term habitation by several Neanderthals, which would have taken a long time to build. It appears to have contained hearths, cooking areas, and a flint workshop, and there are traces of woodworking. Upper Palaeolithic modern humans in the Russian plains are thought to have also made housing structures out of mammoth bones.[85]

Birch tar

Neanderthal produced the adhesive birch bark tar, using the bark of birch trees, for hafting.[346] It was long believed that birch bark tar required a complex recipe to be followed, and that it thus showed complex cognitive skills and cultural transmission. However, a 2019 study showed it can be made simply by burning birch bark beside smooth vertical surfaces, such as a flat, inclined rock.[34] Thus, tar making does not require cultural processes per se. However, at Königsaue (Germany), Neanderthals did not make tar with such an aboveground method but rather employed a technically more demanding underground production method. This is one of our best indicators that some of their techniques were conveyed by cultural processes.[347]

Clothes

Neanderthals were likely able to survive in a similar range of temperatures to modern humans while sleeping: about 32 °C (90 °F) while naked in the open and windspeed 5.4 km/h (3.4 mph), or 27–28 °C (81–82 °F) while naked in an enclosed space. Since ambient temperatures were markedly lower than this—averaging, during the Eemian interglacial, 17.4 °C (63.3 °F) in July and 1 °C (34 °F) in January and dropping to as a low as −30 °C (−22 °F) on the coldest days—Danish physicist Bent Sørensen hypothesised that Neanderthals required tailored clothing capable of preventing airflow to the skin. Especially during extended periods of travelling (such as a hunting trip), tailored footwear completely enwrapping the feet may have been necessary.[348]

Two racloir side scrapers from Le Moustier, France

Nonetheless, as opposed to the bone sewing-needles and stitching awls assumed to have been in use by contemporary modern humans, the only known Neanderthal tools that could have been used to fashion clothes are hide scrapers, which could have made items similar to blankets or ponchos, and there is no direct evidence they could produce fitted clothes.[35][349] Indirect evidence of tailoring by Neanderthals includes the ability to manufacture string, which could indicate weaving ability,[282] and a naturally-pointed horse metatarsal bone from Cueva de los Aviones, Spain, which was speculated to have been used as an awl, perforating dyed hides, based on the presence of orange pigments.[289] Whatever the case, Neanderthals would have needed to cover up most of their body, and contemporary humans would have covered 80–90%.[349][350]

Since human/Neanderthal admixture is known to have occurred in the Middle East, and no modern body louse species descends from their Neanderthal counterparts (body lice only inhabit clothed individuals), it is possible Neanderthals (and/or humans) in hotter climates did not wear clothes, or Neanderthal lice were highly specialised.[350]

Seafaring

Remains of Middle Palaeolithic stone tools on Greek islands indicate early seafaring by Neanderthals in the Ionian Sea possibly starting as far back as 200–150 thousand years ago. The oldest stone artefacts from Crete date to 130–107 thousand years ago, Cephalonia 125 thousand years ago, and Zakynthos 110–35 thousand years ago. The makers of these artefacts likely employed simple reed boats and made one-day crossings back and forth.[37] Other Mediterranean islands with such remains include Sardinia, Melos, Alonnisos,[38] and Naxos (although Naxos may have been connected to land),[351] and it is possible they crossed the Strait of Gibraltar.[38] If this interpretation is correct, Neanderthals' ability to engineer boats and navigate through open waters would speak to their advanced cognitive and technical skills.[38][351]

Medicine

Given their dangerous hunting and extensive skeletal evidence of healing, Neanderthals appear to have lived lives of frequent traumatic injury and recovery. Well-healed fractures on many bones indicate the setting of splints. Individuals with severe head and rib traumas (which would have caused massive blood loss) indicate they had some manner of dressing major wounds, such as bandages made from animal skin. By-and-large, they appear to have avoided severe infections, indicating good long-term treatment of such wounds.[42]

Their knowledge of medicinal plants was comparable to that of contemporary humans.[42] An individual at Cueva del Sidrón, Spain, seems to have been medicating a dental abscess using poplar—which contains salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin—and there were also traces of the antibiotic-producing Penicillium chrysogenum.[245] They may also have used yarrow and camomile, and their bitter taste—which should act as a deterrent as it could indicate poison—means it was likely a deliberate act.[39] In Kebara Cave, Israel, plant remains which have historically been used for their medicinal properties were found, including the common grape vine, the pistachios of the Persian turpentine tree, ervil seeds, and oak acorns.[40]

Language

The degree of language complexity is difficult to establish, but given that Neanderthals achieved some technical and cultural complexity, and interbred with humans, it is reasonable to assume they were at least fairly articulate, comparable to modern humans. A somewhat complex language—possibly using syntax—was likely necessary to survive in their harsh environment, with Neanderthals needing to communicate about topics such as locations, hunting and gathering, and tool-making techniques.[64][352][353] The FOXP2 gene in modern humans is associated with speech and language development. FOXP2 was present in Neanderthals,[354] but not the gene's modern human variant.[355] Neurologically, Neanderthals had an expanded Broca's area—operating the formulation of sentences, and speech comprehension, but out of a group of 48 genes believed to affect the neural substrate of language, 11 had different methylation patterns between Neanderthals and modern humans. This could indicate a stronger ability in modern humans than in Neanderthals to express language.[356]

In 1971, cognitive scientist Philip Lieberman attempted to reconstruct the Neanderthal vocal tract and concluded that it was similar to that of a newborn and incapable of producing a large range of speech sounds, due to the large size of the mouth and the small size of the pharyngeal cavity (according to his reconstruction), thus no need for a descended larynx to fit the entire tongue inside the mouth. He claimed that they were anatomically unable to produce the sounds /a/, /i/, /u/, /ɔ/, /g/, and /k/ and thus lacked the capacity for articulate speech, though were still able to speak at a level higher than non-human primates.[357][358][359] However, the lack of a descended larynx does not necessarily equate to a reduced vowel capacity.[360] The 1983 discovery of a Neanderthal hyoid bone—used in speech production in humans—in Kebara 2 which is almost identical to that of humans suggests Neanderthals were capable of speech. Also, the ancestral Sima de los Huesos hominins had humanlike hyoid and ear bones, which could suggest the early evolution of the modern human vocal apparatus. However, the hyoid does not definitively provide insight into vocal tract anatomy.[65] Subsequent studies reconstruct the Neanderthal vocal apparatus as comparable to that of modern humans, with a similar vocal repertoire.[361] In 2015, Lieberman hypothesized that Neanderthals were capable of syntactical language, although nonetheless incapable of mastering any human dialect.[362]

It is debated if behavioural modernity is a recent and uniquely modern human innovation, or if Neanderthals also possessed it.[363][353][364][55]

Religion

A disarticulatedtle=Grave shortcomings: the evidence for Neandertal burial

Reconstruction of the grave of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 at the Musée de La Chapelle-aux-Saints

Although Neanderthals did bury their dead, at least occasionally—which may explain the abundance of fossil remains[53]—the behavior is not indicative of a religious belief of life after death because it could also have had non-symbolic motivations, such as great emotion[365] or the prevention of scavenging.[366]

Estimates made regarding the number of known Neanderthal burials range from thirty-six to sixty.[367][368][369][370] The oldest confirmed burials do not seem to occur before approximately 70,000 years ago.[371] The small number of recorded Neanderthal burials implies that the activity was not particularly common. The setting of inhumation in Neanderthal culture largely consisted of simple, shallow graves and pits.[372] Sites such as La Ferrassie in France or Shanidar in Iraq may imply the existence of mortuary centers or cemeteries in Neanderthal culture due to the number of individuals found buried at them.[372]

The debate on Neanderthal funerals has been active since the 1908 discovery of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 in a small, artificial hole in a cave in southwestern France, very controversially postulated to have been buried in a symbolic fashion.[373][374][375] Another grave at Shanidar Cave, Iraq, was associated with the pollen of several flowers that may have been in bloom at the time of deposition—yarrow, centaury, ragwort, grape hyacinth, joint pine, and hollyhock.[376] The medicinal properties of the plants led American archaeologist Ralph Solecki to claim that the man buried was some leader, healer, or shaman, and that "The association of flowers with Neanderthals adds a whole new dimension to our knowledge of his humanness, indicating that he had 'soul' ".[377] However, it is also possible the pollen was deposited by a small rodent after the man's death.[378]

The graves of children and infants, especially, are associated with grave goods such as artefacts and bones. The grave of a newborn from La Ferrassie, France, was found with three flint scrapers, and an infant from Dederiyeh [de] Cave, Syria, was found with a triangular flint placed on its chest. A 10-month-old from Amud Cave, Israel, was associated with a red deer mandible, likely purposefully placed there given other animal remains are now reduced to fragments. Teshik-Tash 1 from Uzbekistan was associated with a circle of ibex horns, and a limestone slab argued to have supported the head.[250] A child from Kiik-Koba, Crimea, Ukraine, had a flint flake with some purposeful engraving on it, likely requiring a great deal of skill.[58] Nonetheless, these contentiously constitute evidence of symbolic meaning as the grave goods' significance and worth are unclear.[250]

Cults

It was once argued that the bones of the cave bear, particularly the skull, in some European caves were arranged in a specific order, indicating an ancient bear cult that killed bears and then ceremoniously arranged the bones. This would be consistent with bear-related rituals of modern human Arctic hunter-gatherers, but the alleged peculiarity of the arrangement could also be well-explained by natural causes,[63][365] and bias could be introduced as the existence of a bear cult would conform with the idea that totemism was the earliest religion, leading to undue extrapolation of evidence.[379]

It was also once thought that Neanderthals ritually hunted, killed, and cannibalised other Neanderthals and used the skull as the focus of some ceremony.[293] In 1962, Italian palaeontologist Alberto Blanc believed a skull from Grotta Guattari, Italy, had evidence of a swift blow to the head—indicative of ritual murder—and a precise and deliberate incising at the base to access the brain. He compared it to the victims of headhunters in Malaysia and Borneo,[380] putting it forward as evidence of a skull cult.[365] However, it is now thought to have been a result of cave hyaena scavengery.[381] Although Neanderthals are known to have practiced cannibalism, there is unsubstantial evidence to suggest ritual defleshing.[292]

In 2019, Gibraltarian palaeoanthropologists Stewart, Geraldine, and Clive Finlayson and Spanish archaeologist Francisco Guzmán speculated that the golden eagle had iconic value to Neanderthals, as exemplified in some modern human societies because they reported that golden eagle bones had a conspicuously high rate of evidence of modification compared to the bones of other birds. They then proposed some "Cult of the Sun Bird" where the golden eagle was a symbol of power.[306][55] There is evidence from Krapina, Croatia, from wear use and even remnants of string, that suggests that raptor talons were worn as personal ornaments.[382]

"[5]

Returning to chimps, the leader of the troop is usually a male, and so a patriarchy exists among chimps, as it does among humans. And the leader goes around and bullies others, just like many fascist male leaders of different countries do, usually by throwing a tantrum, running through the woods with a wooden club, throwing it at times, breaking many things along the way, making lots of noise, slapping trees, seeking lots of attention, and/or fighting with others, and/or harming others, in what was hard not to parallel to the conduct of fascists like Donald Trump, Putin, and/or others, who like chimps, have trouble staying faithful in their relationships with others.

What is really interesting about comparative primatology is how some of the worst behaviors in humans are in fact common place among chimps and other primates we are so closely related to. Even more interesting, is the fact that the most vicious and deceptive humans become leaders of countries and corporations, with others seeking to socialize with them to move up the leadership ladders, equally vicious, deceptive, and where the same results in massive wealth that then allows these people to posture like they are more civilized than everyone else. 

Accordingly, the least civilized among us, engage in uncivil, antisocial, or toxic behavior, in order to access the resources to thereafter pretend like they are the most civilized, social, and nourishing among us, which is truly fascinating, and seemingly linked to chimp deception and chimp posturing.

Those humans who are more civilized and reserved, and who spent less time acting like savages in a jungle, are known by those who behave like savages as "radicals".

When viewed through the eyes of our primate cousins, the most basic human behaviors are readily explained.

BRAIN RESEARCH PROVES THAT THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SCARCITY CRAVINGS, AND MOOD, WHICH IN TURN AFFECTS THE ABILITY TO VALUE CHANGE, WHICH AFFECTS BEHAVIOR, WHICH AFFECTS PERFORMANCE, WHICH AFFECTS THE ABILITY TO ADAPT TO CHANGE TO SURVIVE AND GROW

The brain is complex, and different parts of the brain fire at the same time to process and respond to changes in our environment, but brain research proves it is the hypothalamus that is responsible for hunger craving, thirst craving, sexual and/or other cravings, and thus the general mood in humans and/or other primates, and where perceived scarcity in a crave center adversely affects mood, as a survival mechanism, so that if food, water, mates, safety, and/or other cravings, needs, and/or wants become scarce, this adversely alters the mood in primates and/or other animals, and results in an increase in aggressive behavior, resulting in what is standard behavior among primates, including humans, to release the hormones required to fight for and/or flee from the perceived scarce resource and/or environment.

Nietzsche's moral relativism explains both why primate savages and humans will engage in self-serving behavior, even if it harms others, because it is perceived as "good for them", regardless if the same harms others, and where the hypothalamus seems to be a key driver of cravings, wants, and perceived needs, and where perceived scarcity then affects the mood of primates, increasing their aggression, in a biological manner that seeks to fulfill some perceived scarcity.

Returning to the fact that chimp brains tend to plateau at about the age of a 4 year old, and returning to the assessment that Trump and/or other members of Jeffrey Epstein's crime syndicate has/have the brain maturity of a 4 year old child, then it is not surprising that Trump and Jeffrey Epstein's crime syndicate behave like jungle savages, and where comparative primatology explains almost all of their misconduct, except for Trump's urine fetish, because chimps don't typically abandon their children unless they are forced to, which is interesting from the perspective that Jeffrey Epstein's crime syndicate may have exploited abandoned or at-risk children. Psychoanalysis of the same proposes that Trump exploited abandoned or at-risk children, because he felt abandoned as a child, and/or was raped as a child, and where Trump and/or his niece may have admitted and/or implied that Trump's father was capable of the same.[11][12]

The same may also explain why Trump though his daughter was hot, and that he would want to date her if he wasn't her father, which most father's wouldn't say about their daughters, and where Ivanka Trump was also named like Trump in Jeffrey Epstein's child kidnapping, child sex trafficking, and child rape book of contract at www.epsteinsblackbook.com.[13]

All of this makes the case against dictatorships, monarchies, oligarchies, billionaires, and the like, because if the often hereditary leaders of everyone respectively and/or collectively have and/or network their mental disorders, and that results in any sort of perceived scarcity (or perceived loss) by them, then this will affect their mood, their obsessive compulsive hoarding illness, their sociopath tendencies, their Machiavellian deception, their kleptomaniac tendencies, their narcissism feeding needs, their need to attack those they perceive as their enemies, and results in scarcity for everyone else, who then have their moods adversely triggered by scarcity, resulting in the overthrow of governments, or alternatively if their plots fail, the overthrow of the dictators, monarchies, oligarchs, billionaires, and chimp empires engineering the rise and fall of empires, in order to access the resources perceived as required to survive and grow. 

The conduct of Jeffrey Epstein's crime syndicate, Trump, the UK/EU royals, Putin, Hamish Ogston, NXIVM, and/or others can be viewed in much the same manner, where despite hoarding more assets than they will ever be able to use in a manner that harms everyone else - their respective hypothalami perceive scarcity of support for their toxic leadership, and so rather than decentralize power - which organizational and learning development theory would logically call for during times of the chaos they engineer - instead, they conspire to centralize more power, in part by creating more chaos, in a manner that is not sustainable.

History teaches us that the way they navigate the same is to engage in left to right and top to bottom full spectrum dominance, by employing active measures and other polarizing techniques to conquer and divide us all by engineering a scarcity class, who they then incite to not attack them, but to attack their perceived enemies, and where barriers to education, and the war on the truth via the media channels they control, play an enormous role in our captivity by these savages.

The forged royal Habsburgs are the "kings and queens" of this strategy, having incited both sides of the Protestant Reformation to divide and then bastardize the church of Christ (resulting in many Christians embracing the total opposite values and teachings of Christ), having also incited both sides of the Bolsheviks, Communists, Socialists, Marxists, and/or Capitalism (resulting in WWI, WWII, and/or WWIII), where they and/or their proxies slither into the leadership position of both-sides-ism, from the left to the right, and from the top to the bottom, resulting in full-spectrum dominance.

A great example of this was when Trump, part of Jeffrey Epstein's crime syndicate - who have manufactured decades of harm against America and Americans - then used active measures to cleave off a non-billionaire support group to overthrow America between 2015 and 2023, to "save America" and "make America great again" from the decades of carnage they have been engineering and profiting off of.

Accordingly, they are the source of the problem, pitching to everyone and anyone that they are the only solution, is how it goes, and what full spectrum dominance looks like.

They win if they stay in illegitimate-got power, and they win if they lead the efforts to overthrow.

They win if Jeffrey Epstein's, 9/11's Bin Laden family's, and Hamish Ogston's UK/EU royals Charles III remains king of the UK Commonwealth - despite the forged royal claims of the Habsburgs, the banishment and treason of Henry Bolingame, the inferior retroactive royal claim of Henry VII, and the royal bastards Richard III and Edward IV - and they win if Jeffrey Epstein's Trump, Kennedy, the GOP, Meghan Markle/Harry, and/or others take or remain in power in the U.S.

Heads they win, and tails, they also win.

They are always leading the way to identify a new "enemy" that those they seek to divide and conquer need to destroy (which is why their fake democracies love two party us-against-us systems), and which of course requires transferring millions to trillions in taxpayer funding away from those paying the same, to those evading paying the same, in order to "defeat" the enemy - us - and anyone who stands in their way of forming, maintaining, and expanding their chimp empire.

As EU royal Hans Adam has specified, their goal is to "scare the public" into a "sacrifice of blood and treasure". They employ active measures and deception, coupled to their engineered of resource scarcity, to achieve the same.

As H.G. Wells specified, "“Civilization is in a race between education and catastrophe. Let us learn the truth and spread it as far and wide as our circumstances allow. For the truth is the greatest weapon we have.”

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimp_Empire

[2] Photo: https://unsplash.com/@faizalsulthan

[3] https://www.amazon.com/Shadows-Forgotten-Ancestors-Carl-Sagan/dp/0345384725

[4] https://www.science.org/content/article/was-small-brained-human-relative-world-s-first-gravedigger-and-artist

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_naledi

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo

[8] https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/insight-therapy/201705/psychological-science-says-trump-is-four-year-old

[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urolagnia

[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism

[11] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/donald-trump-abuse-father-niece-mary-book

[12] https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/books-magazines/books/how-donald-trumps-father-fred-trump-destroyed-his-sons-life/news-story/cf8f6d50ab6c0fd09f03268032d74ac0

[13] https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/donald-trump-thinks-ivanka-hot-22781403